Guides
Document automation in European Union
Guides written against the rules and formats used in European Union.
Trust馃嚜馃嚭 EU
SES, AES and QES: the three eIDAS levels and which one you actually need
European law grades electronic signatures by how much verified identity sits behind them. What each level requires, what it is worth in a dispute, and why most contracts do not need the top one.
27 Jul 2026 路 8 min 路 In progress
Trust馃嚜馃嚭 EU
What is an electronic seal, and how is it different from a signature?
An electronic seal is issued by an organisation, not given by a person. What eIDAS says it is, what the qualified level adds, and why a seal can be applied automatically where a signature cannot.
27 Jul 2026 路 7 min 路 In progress